Between 3rd and 6th centuries- multiple invasions. Some violent, some peaceful. Immigration is an example of peaceful invasion. Some parts of the empire get to the point where they don’t need or fear Rome- over time they just drift- places like Britain and Gaul. The Romans have a garrison army that had significantly neglected training and drilling- it was weak. The army becomes barbarized. Half the soldiers were barbarians, made it less effective. How then, do barbarian armies defeat the half barbarian armies? The Romans are still trying to use old tactics with less trained soldiers- not the organized chaos, every man for himself sort of thing.
Rome also fell because of morale- or spirit. Fighting spirit, Roman pride. In 212AD, Roman citizenship was extended to everyone in the empire. The romans got to the point where citizenship didn’t really matter. This decline of spirit is also apparent theologically. Francis Schaeffer- Romans had no mooring point. (see powerpoint). But did the Romans ever have a mooring point? We se how there is nothing new under the sun. Secular historians usually say that Christianity is the cause of the decline in science and learning, leading to a millennium of backwardness. But throughout this millennium, it was largely the church, for all of it flaws, that preserved history in those times. Democratic spirit had perished, the republican spirit was dead. Rulers are sinful human beings, same as the people. The people in the Roman empire thought democracy and republicanism were bad, so science must also be bad. Pliny the elder- National History- what an educated Roman knew about science. By 70AD, a small amount of christians- this cultural shift occurred b4 the influence of christianity.
Scientists thought they’d known all about the natural world. The Roman people could only take so much- forced labor, taxation, civil liberty infringement, drafting, loss in Roman pride. y the 3rd century, even rome’s citizens are tortured, branded.
Disagreement on Rome’s end- historians throw out:
-313- Constantine issued Edict of Milan.
-330- The capital was moved from Rome to Constantinople.
378- Rome lost to ostrogoths, first loss to barbarians.
381- Theodocius the first- against christian religions.
He then splits the empire.
Rome is sacked by the Goths.
420’s- Britain and Gaul secede.
476- last Roman emperor- Romulus Augustus. He died and was replaced by a Goth. Pretended Rome- not ruled by Romans. Barbarians all over the place.
1453- Constantinople captured by the Turks.
Introduction to Middle Ages.
Important because the civilizations in Europe are unmistakably the origin of the modern western world.
Traditionally, the millennium from the fall of the empire to about 1500 the middle ages. Early medieval europe- barbarian, not civilized. They were called barbarian because their language was unintelligible and their customs were different. Decline of rome- political, economic factors- barbarians in Rome- “Volkerwanderung”- migration of germanic peoples. Partly peaceful. More pronounced effect on Rome’s culture than vice-versa.
Why do the barbarians suddenly go haywire everywhere? One theory is that the germanic tribes were pushed by the huns, putting them into western europe then that forced at the romans. Or, the germanic tribes may have overpopulated their regions, causing migration. A third possibility- maybe the germanic tribes were attracted by Roman opportunity. Romans needed people to do things- hook onto the economy. They are different than the romans. Had no notion of the state, as we think of it. In that sense, europe is unique as the notion of statehood aries. This concept, and organized resources, is what eventually made europe so powerful. But to the germans, the basic organization was the blood-relations of clans. Protected each other, kept peace. Clans might join into tribes, which still operated as a clans. No central government; concept of Wergeld- monetary value- money to buy off the spear. According to Germans, if a person committing a crime can pay the wergeld with the help of the tribe. If they don’t come up with it, a feud arises. Wergeld- the price of peace- dependent upon kinship for protections- devotion to extended family- plagued development of strong central development over the years. Is this good or bad?
Germanic tribes did have assemblies of free men- oral tradition- helped with decision making for king- camitodas- following. The young warriors would follow established chief, giving him their complete allegiance. In exchange came land and protection. Social, moral, political liaison. More an issue of power than land. Germans move around a lot- not like romans and Gauls so much- so the power relationship more important. Manorialism and feudalism- two big systems. The latter more germanic. The germans also had guilds. An association of equals. People of similar interests- Germanic. Like a social club- come together, feast On, offer gifts to gods. People didn’t have a lot of manners. This would play important role in medieval history. Unlike Anglos, Saxons, Franks, did not have same traits, hindering assimilation. They included: the germans saw themselves as land owners, and people in new territories were peasants. Anglo Saxons and Franks were more resources based- the poor were the serfs, the rich were the powerful- they mixed in social situations. The second thing is that most of the germanic peoples were Aryan. Aryan- denied trinity, polytheisitc. Anglo saxons and franks were just pagans. But when converted, they became non Aryan, or orthodox christians. Germans influenced, because of the heresy of Aryanism.
Effort by the Franks to unify France. Clovis- started Merovingian Dynasty. Unifies France. Might resemble modern state, but he died, leaving his kingdom to four sons, leading to a bloody civil war. Lothar eventually seized control, and one of his sons tried to cause trouble, and Lothar burned him alive. These people were “christians.” But it was the Dark Ages.
There are some kings- there were exceptions- but most of the power seemed to be held by the people with local power, who don’t like anarchy. The mares of the palace were the ones who got enough power to keep local order. People in N. and W. Europe might have not mentioned the kings as their soveriegn- it was closer to home than that.
End of the Dark Ages: Rise of Monasticism
The Frankish Kingdom- case study. Changes in the art of warfare, prompted by the invention and adaptation of the stirrup. It revolutionizes warfare. The Lords of the manors developed into an aristocracy. upper and lower class- no middle class. Just the nobility could afford. Incompetence of Merivingians. The nobility had almost absolute local power- economically. They had a redistribution of land to buy political advantage.
Peppin- Frank who gained control in eastern lands, in 687, the western ones too, gaining unity. Made alliance with Roman Pope. Peppin had his power recognized, the pope said that if he had the power he should have the title. Peppin gave the pope some land, took some of the barbarians out for the pope. 751-754 AD.
Monasticism- Why the church was able to grow even stronger. The word comes from monasticus- “to live alone.” Not really a new idea- had always been around in christianity, even had been in Jewish sects. Lived in hinterlands in caves or crude shelters- called hermits- from greek word for desert. Retreat from the world- rejecting worldly comforts and temptations. But for a lifetime? Can you take the gospel around the world if you are isolated? Maybe- a portion of our movement has gotten caught up in evangelism and less on disciple-making, something that was certainly done in monasticism.
Some early monks lost it. One guy spent his time sitting atop a pillar, another underground. Problems could certainly surface- tensions, etc. Monasticism needed good organization and discipline. Cold winters and dense forests in Europe resulted in indoor monasteries. Benedict of Nursia wrote Rule of St. Benedict- code of conduct- life of moderation, discipline and routine. Days of formal prayer, chanted psalms, studying and manual labor. To join Monte Cassino, you might be given a one year probationary period.
*Vows after that- stability- a whole life spent in monastery.
*Conversion of manners- striving to improve self to become closer to God.
*Obedience to the Abbott- head of monastery, democratically elected, but very authoritative
Standardized monastic life, help christianity to flourish. Monasticism was a force of stability, preserved civilized society, improved the church’s prestige.
Rise of the Bishop of Rome
Bishop of Antioch, alexandria, constantinople, jerusalem, rome.
Rome becomes leading city, leading Bishop:
-The prestige of Rome remained.
-The church in Rome as the largest and wealthiest, and therefore influence?
-The Bishop of Rome was the only major bishop in the west.
-The eastern part had constantinople king, so the west could have political and spiritual influence.
-Many christians found Rome to be holy, christians were martyred there.
-Petrin Doctrine- based on Matt 16:18-19- in their view, Peter could give spiritual authority to his successors- the popes. What’s wrong with this? The name peter- petros- rock or rock man. But Christ uses petra- upon this rock- a feminine word, not a name- a play on words. The word Church only appears there and in Matt. 18.
-Temporal rule- Donation of Constantine- had given his power to rule Rome over to the pope- used to support the temporal rule of the pope from the 8th century to the 15th century. This was a lie. Problem with papal infallibility thing.
Some popes were very capable. Gregory the first- the Great- father of the papacy- sent 31 monks to England to convert people to christianity. The Lombards had been raiding central Italy. Gregory kept churches and states productive, resulting in food, a truce. The church had a leader that could settle its disputes.
Part the Third
Byzantium- when Rome fell, Constantinople stood strong, lasted til 15th century. Byzantine empire- protects europe from turks and arabs for 700 years. Acted as a buffer. It also transmitted greek culture north to the Russians- saints went as missionaries- the Russian monarch- called czar (or tsar, from Caesar)- they think they are the 3rd rome. Scientific words switched to Arabic. The Arabs did teach Romans some science in middle ages, some. But much of that knowledge came frm the Greeks. Greek learning transmitted to Italy- foundations for the Renaissance. Why did this half of the empire last when the other side fell? They were pretending- autocratic- they had a dictator. Less debate, so more efficient. The Caesar marshalled all resources necessary for war . Caesaro patrism- control of the church for benefit of the state. Protector leader of church.
Had impenetrable city, strong navy, well protected. It took Muslims hundreds of years to take it.
Byzantium tried to avoid war, even bribing enemies not to come. But this might not be true. People usually are not threatened by being too strong. Had some secret weapons- like greek fire, used with bellows.
The city was captured by Muslims eventually.
Also survived because of economics- Constantinople- world center of trade, valuable coinage not debased. Agriculture- backbone of economy, independent farmers, reduced taxes in late 5th century that tended to help urban poor. Abolished poll tax on the poor. They were wealthier, so their empire could be paid out of the treasury, not from spoils. So soldiers were loyal to state, not individual generals. Their civil service was god- a solid justice system, well run government.
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Augustine- Said that states come into existence because of the fall. The problem of evil. The state is a necessary evil that can be employed for good, and christians should strive to make the state the city of God. He didn’t really say what form that would take. Said if civil gov’t does not provide justice, just a band. The church is not the city of God that Augustine refers to. The church should be about justice, order, peace love, responsible for every one including rulers- the church from then on will concern itself with this theory- spiritual over temporal- popes over kings- Dominant political theory til late 13th century. Augustine used Roman history to prove some of his christian teachings.
Rome Fell Because:
political weaknesses
economic weaknesses
invasions
Decline of Spirit
Political weakness- constant succession of emperors. The romans had no orderly system for choosing emperor after fall of republic. 7 of caesars successors (of 12) died violent deaths. Many generals vied for power, giving power to Praetorian guard- about 9000 men that had considerable influence. Had to deal with invaders- hordes of barbarians. Weak people are threatened by those around them. Leadership became more weak,, as generals and caesars did not trust one another. Near the end of the Pax Romana- 98-180: 5 good emperors, gave some on the job training to successors. Happiest time of mankind up to 1700- according to Gibbon. Trajen said if christians did not recant, heads would be chopped off. The Romans began to get soft- retreat, no longer offensive. Become garrison troops and lose reputations as soldiers. Barbarians knock hard. By the 3rd century- the Barracks generals- at least 26 emperors in 50 years, all but one died violent deaths. Disruption anarchy, civil war. All this fighting- need more soldiers. Army from 300,000 to 600,000. More not necessarily better. Rome’s tax rate went from 10 percent to 30 percent- tripled. Last barracks general- Diocletian. Persecuted christians. Tried to decentralize- divided empire in east and west- was to have a junior partner called an augustus and a caesar. The augustus was to be an absolute ruler, to manage things without opposition. In spite of these efforts, it fell apart after his death in 305.
Other problems: moral corruption waste, overtaxation, financial difficulties (see powerpoint).
People argue that since rome was more defensive, stopped expanding, they could be more concerned improving what they had. During Pax Romana, it was pretty peaceful unless you were a warring general or a christian. After some degree of prosperity, some might have been thinking that they were doing well in trade without the Romans. All they did was take en for their armies and tax. They might defend them, but most parts of the empire didn’t need that. The points of no expansion and self-sufficient colonies lead to the western empire becoming more rural, agrarian, self- sufficient. If they grow their own food, they don’t need as much money. There was not as much money in circulation in imperial rome. Trade became more common. Most people in barter or “natural” economy. Then, Rome itself discovers it needs products from elsewhere. Many of their added products were produced in the east empire, not the west. To get things from east, there was a trade deficit. East wants money- gold – in exchange for products. It hurts the west to see all that gold go out. So they began to debase their coins- made with less gold. Everybody realizes its not the same coin. So inflation occurs.
The emperors attempt to raise money by taxing middle class, the class that generally affects economy. It does not work out well. There are numerous business failures. Commerce and industry suffer. Eventually in Rome- if was agrarian before, it was now. People just left the cities, could not live there. They are only looking to invest in land. This crippling left large land estates. In addition to the decline of Rome, this provides foundation for middle ages. The large land of the states is the beginning of what will be the manors of the middle ages-Roman version: latafundia: self sufficient agrarian communities with bartering or natural economy. People come to offer their services- which is just hard labor. Even thught they had been successful before. The foundations of serfdom are laid. These farmers will work the land under harsh conditions to survive.
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Reason Christianity Survives
-The church took on hierarchal form, organized by rank. Develops into Roman Catholic Church.
-In the early church, the congregations democratically selected their elders. Over time, the appearance of bishops (episcopos) guided congregations in areas, then they became in charge of priests at individual churches. Allowed for standardized doctrine. Some areas night have more prestige, old roman rank idea came back in. Rome-Constantinople- Alexandria- Antioch- jerusalem- Carthage- Ephesus- Corinth. Bishops appointed by the emperor. Christianity was Romanized and institutionalized.
Letter from I Clement of Rome, 96 AD- the Corinthians had removed church officials from office. Clement, bishop of Rome, said that they could not do that. He said it broke the pattern of apostolic succession. Saint Clement…
4th century- a church official in Rome wore his civil robe to church .People found it respectful, so there was the idea of vestments.
The Roman Catholic Church centered in Rome, Orthodox centered in Constantinople. Latter- Greek and Russian orthodoxy.
Arraneous of Leonne- people can trace appointments back to Christ. Time grows, claim right to select priests. Some say this created a stable organization, unlike mystery cults. It made christinity instutionally stronger, but did little to spread the true faith. Laid groundwork for abusiveness.
Power to- concerning heresy. Donatis-Denounced priest who had once denied Christ- said only perfect men could administrate the sacraments, or God would not honor them. This idea makes a small pool of liars. Emphasis on perfection defeated- did not become sect of delusional people.
2nd heresy-Arianism- polytheistic- Arius influenced, Alexandria- saw doctrine of trinity as 2 separate gods. The original god got lonely and made two others to join him. If Arius had won, the church might have gone polytheistic. The council of Nicea in 325AD condemned Arianism, the Nicene creed declared trinitarianism.
Last reason church spread- open to women.
^The church’s attitude toward classical culture
THE DECLINE OF ROME
-”What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem.” That is, what do greek ideas have to do with the church? Originally, any writers didn’t study it, just focused on scripture. The classical role- lies and absurdities. But they did influence the churches, and God could use the Greeks and Romans in the lives of his people. The schools of antiquity were pagan, but the people needed to learn oratory, etc. to give a reason for their hope. Exegesis- interpretation- books need it. If you want to defend faith, need to be able to write, reason, used rhetoric. St. Augustine encouraged learning of pagans to put them in the service of the one true God.
Decisive repercussions. Ancient writers survive to modern era. Copies that survive are ones made by christians, preserved because they would be helpful in instructing theology.
Several greek fathers wrote in Alexandria- western world center-
_________-scholar, teacher, familiar with classical greek literature. Protrepticus- written to the greeks to persuade them to give up pagan ideas- said they were not reasonable.
*Irenaeus of Lyon (115-202AD)- combatted gnosticism- denies goodness of creation in a fundamental way. Holds that the creator of genesis one was a subordinate evil deity. Salvation was withdrawal and detachment form evil of the world- mysterious. Seem to be the idea Paul mentioned- demonic teaching in the last days- that marriage should be prohibited and certain foods should not be eaten. For everything created by God is good.
Gnosticism- legalistic-
*Bishop Ambrose of Milan- the church must be independent of the emperor’s control. Separation of church and state. Founders of the US argued for non-establishment. Ambrose thought bishops should talk to rulers- Ambrose excommunicated an emperor- Theodocyius- after something that shocked. He had to go thru a process to gain back.
Gerome- old and new testament from latin- the Vulgate translation. Also the most common text used in middle ages.
St. Augustine of Hippo- combination of classical and christianity. Born in modern-day Algeria. Father pagan, mother devout christian- at 17 continued education in Carthage.- shacked up for a number of years. had son at 18, got got up in sects. Went to Rome, had serious illness, survived. Some students took off without paying tuition. Augustine Paul’s letter to Romans, got baptized. Matured theologically, bishop in Hippo. Renowned preacher, defended traditional christianity. 93 books and treatises. Said christians should live in celibacy, marriage ok for a few. This one idea was probably influenced. The book “Confessions” was a very important work. In “city of God.” presents history as God working through time.
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Why did Christians survive Rome?
But first, why were they persecuted?
The Romans thought the Christians were atheists. They wouldn’t worship Caesar, or the other Roman gods- downright irreligious. Certainly unpatriotic. And there wasn’t much compromise on religion. They were considered selfish and difficult. Many wouldn’t even fight in the army, they were pacifist. Many thought Jesus would return soon, so politics didn’t concern them. Christians had bad public relations. The Rome heard about Christian love-feasts, but the Romans thought they were just allusions to cannibalism and orgies. The concept of Christ- didn’t understand. The Platonic notion of a dualistic world made the resurrection illogical. Christianity destroys the hierarchy of Roman culture. Status and rank were important to high class Romans. There is still persecution of Christians today.
When people entered Soviet Union- asked if they had guns or Bibles.
When Octavian got to the end of his reign, he chose a successor- Tiberius. He was a decent emperor, Christ was crucified under him. He chose Coigula. He was decent for about 6 months, and he was given over to an abundance of indulgences. Had asked to be as a god. his own guard stabbed and killed him. Claudius was hiding in the drapes. He said (not without some gold) that he should be next. Did okay, personal life a mess. Rome had Britain, got coal. Druids in Britain involved human sacrifices, took Romans. Aggressive defense policy- the preemptive strike. You practice near a Roman border, they will assume attack. They had so many borders to take care of. Claudius also had a problem- his first three wives were unfaithful- one was 32 years younger, had son- Brittanicus- age 5. Another one of the wives- Agrippina the younger- had son- Nero. He was 10 at the time, so they began to train him for succession. So that it would be sooner, rather than later. Some say Agrippina had poisoned Claudius. Nero is the adopted son of claudius, and from takeover he was totally incompetent. His mother and his tutor seneces, and the captain of the guard, Burrus were calling the shots. Nero killed all mother (though Seneca was allowed suicide). Nero began first official Christian persecution in 64AD. 2/3rds of Rome burned that year, it was blamed on the christians. 66-73AD- Jewish revolt. Also revolts in Spain and Gaul against Nero- but Nero committed suicide as the approached Rome. Vespacian eventually comes to power. 69-79AD. Vespacian’s son, Titus, had an arch built for him. Captured Jerusalem and masada, In Masada, the last of the jewish soldier fled there. It was defeated by the Romans with a huge ramp. They jews threw rocks, so the romans had other jews build the ramp. The jews could have been starved, but Roman resolution wanted to make a point. The jews commit suicide. The Coliseum became popularized. Some say it held 380,000- maybe like half of that. Horse races, chariot races. Corporate sponsorship. Good drivers, well known. Athletic competition, gladiatorial games. Framework underneath coliseum for holding gladiators, animals, etc. There was an event called the “hunt.” Christians released in coliseum with lions, no weapons. Training schools for gladiators, might be a way to eke out a living, maybe if you were a criminal. They wanted a show.
Types of Gladiators
Mermilo- some armor, large shield, short sword. Thrax- smaller shield, curved sabor and more armor. A Retarious- short sword and a net.
The decision to kill the injured might be selected by thumbs up or down from audience. Even naval battles were staged in the coliseum, it was filled up with water. Right before he Vespacian said- “oh my, i must be turning into a god.”
250-305- persecution pretty consistent for Christians.
Constantine I. In 312Ad, Constantine had a dream. He was instructed to paint the shields so of his soldiers with a sign of Christ. He won the battle against competitor, it made him believe. Some say his decision was more political than that. In 313, a conference in Milan, decreed christians could not be persecuted, confiscated goods to be returned. Edict of Milan. The next year, he killed his wife and son, they upset him. As emperor, he continued to use pagan symbols, titles. But in cahoots with christians The bishop of Rome- the pope- police and military power. Constantine named 13th apostle, given some power over the church. The fusion would later lead to the killing of millions- like the Spanish inquisition. It gives judicial power to bishops, making them. Still happening as late as 1979. Constantinople. In turkey, strategic, good defensive. Major trading city, seat of Byzantine empire. Constantine saw Christ probably as one among many for divine aid. He was baptized in 337, just b4 he did, maybe saw more of the exclusivity.
Emperor Julian 361-363. “Wild beasts do not inflict more harm on each other than Christians do to each other.”
380- Emperor Theodocius- Christianity for the Empire. Closed all pagan temples.
Christianity triumphs. Survives because of:
*Sense of community, holding together.
-First martyrs of the church. Stephen, Paul. They are heroes to early christians Their blood- the cement which held church together.
*Recognized Roman authority, Didn’t always agree, but did not doubt that government originated with God.
*Did they deserve to be persecuted? A mark of humility that might have kept emperors on their backs.
*It had good organization, not small isolated groups. it had begun to take on hierarchal form. Rank was actually instituted- it helps the institution survive, if not the faith.
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Paul “did not boast” though that was Roman custom.
In Paul’s letter, he elaborates on doctrines. Christ died for all man and women, Jew and Gentile. Faith not by works. Not same dietary and ceremonial law as Jews.
Spends time in various cities, spends a lot of time in Corinth. It was more flexible, new, sort of fashionable. Things would spread.
Paul wanted to reach old greece- included Corinth and Ephesus. Both churches in those cities had problems. City of corinth- known for fornication. Paul teaches against the immorality, finds adultery, incest, homosexuality, etc. in the church. The cities were wealthy commercial centers. “The people are coming to Paul.”
The games in Corinth were second only to the Olympics.
Acts 17- there were probably more idols than people in Athens, immorality, sex in temples, child sacrifice. Paul was distressed. Reasoned in synagogue with jews and god-fearing greeks. Spoke with stoics (fatalistic, gods controlled their lives) and epicureans (remote gods, hedonism). They thought the ideas were strange and wanted to hear more. Paul told the Athenians that they were religious. Pointed out the unknown god and presented who that was.
The beheading of paul did not stop the spread of christianity. By 300AD, christianity made up 10-15% of the population. They made a profound effect upon the culture.
Elements contribute to the spread of Christianity:
-Men and women accepted, of all classes.
-actually helped liberate women. As jews, women could do a few things including taking nazarite vow, do music ministry, sometimes prophesy. Jesus spoke to woman at the well (unheard of) and reveals he is messiah. Then tells her to tell others. The disciples marveled at this public discourse with a woman. The woman caught in adultery was kindly treated, though the sin was not approved. In the house of Mary and Martha, Jesus took time to instruct Mary. The rabbis generally thought women were intellectually inferior, so that he would spend his time with them was significant.
-Communal celebration- a sense of belonging. Communion. All Christians part of the body of Christ.
-Promises salvation- eternal life- for the believer.
-Gave its members a cause. Hellenistic, Greco-Roman philosophy was indifferent to the would so they could avoid hurt. Christians aren’t passive.
-Different philosophy on human nature- either man or God is god. Cicero thought man’s nature is good. Christians believe otherwise.
Rome was generally tolerant of other religions, yet persecuted Christians.
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Differences between mystery cults and Christianity:
*Even secular historians agree that the savior in Christianity actually lived.
*The God of Christianity- god with capital G; Not the best of gods- the God.
-Chose to reveal himself through the hebrews, but not exclusively them.
*Decisive benefits from association with Jewish tradition. Old and new.
*Christianity is different because its the only religion in which God suffered for the sins of His people.
Ex.- Cult of Mithras
a god of Persian light, guardian against evil, died and supposedly resurrected. Commonly held by Roman soldiers. Secret “mystery” rituals- one had a believer bathing in the blood of a slaughtered ox. Some sort of emotional outing in a society where emotion did not usually show.
Cult of Bacchus- consumed large amounts of wine- drunken parties.
III.The Triumph of Christianity in the Roman Empire
A. The Major Players.
Jesus was raised a Jew in Galilee. His ideas were Jewish, he taught in synagogue. But he taught in his named, not that of YWH. Jews expected Messiah to be like from book of Baruch- destruction of Romans. Jesus submitted to the Roman authorities- he knew that one day those authorities would answer to God for the way they mangaed resources. Jesus was here to establish a spiritual, not physical kingdom. John the Baptist may have been an Essene preacher. Jesus baptized at 30, began public ministry. The Sermon on the Mount has been a passage which even theological liberals embrace- for justifying same-sex unions even today. They want to keep the ethical message of the book without accepting the fundamental issues.
Jesus- actually walked the earth- in an area 50×50 miles.
Pontius Pilate probably did not know much of Jesus’ preaching; he was most concerned about the public peace. He was facing a potential uprising with the Jews. Pilate had heard rumors about the Jews expectations concerning Jesus. But many were angry- because he wasn’t starting a rebellion, he had called some brood of vipers, etc. The Jews gathered, ask for crucifixion of Jesus. Once the thing was done, he wanted to be done. Then a few cynical Jews ask for a guard detail for the tomb, though it was empty 3 days later.
The resurrection becomes central element of faith. Things quiet down in Jerusalem for a while. Pilate had no quarrel with them over other sects.
issues surrounding Jesus theories- swoon or stolen. Crucifixion was suffication, exaustion, blood. Blood and water came from Jesus’ side- which means his lungs were punctured. Bodies were prepared for burial- wrapped tightly, and aromatic spices acted as a glue and smelled good. Why would someone leave those wrappings exactly as is, with a Roman guard outside? Even the disciples did not believe Jesus would actually be resurrected, so they would have no reason to feign it. The rock covered the tomb could not be moved without at least 20 men. The women weren’t sure how they were going to get more spices in. There was a cord on the stone, also, to signify Roman authority- it could be moved, but you wouldn’t want to. The disciples didn’t really believe what would happen. The grave was empty, even according to enemies of Jesus. Soldiers stationed- between 3 and 30- probably Roman. If a Roman on duty fell asleep- might be thrown off a hill- falling asleep was the roman soldiers story, though. There were 18 offenses for which a soldier could be killed- asleep was one. No crucified man got a guard like that. When Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane, most disciples ran. nothing is really heard from them until reports of resurrection. Then, only 2 venture out to see if it is true. They were frightened and interested in self-preservation. The empt tomb seem to convince few.
Jesus’ Followers
A. Peter- died 67 AD- First head of the sect which follows Jesus but still followed Jewish ritual. Jesus just for the Jews. Didn’t realize until later that God accepted all who believed. He was crucified up-side-down.
B. Paul’s impact on Christianity
Skewered by people than and now. Saul of Tarsus. Paul was an exception, and exceptional- Jew with Roman citizenship, knew greek, was a pharisee, knew greek and roman law, intelligence, leadership. Epistles- letters written by apostles. Paul travels- its relatively easy and safe- “pax romana.” Paul changes world. Elaborates on enduring pieces of doctrine.
The Spread of Christianity
C. Rome’s Policy towards the early church
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2nd Triumvirate: Marc Antony, Octavian, Lepidus
Octavian- Athens- 18 at Caesar’s assassination. Many of Caesar’s troops give him their loyalty. Octavian offers his services to the Senate. They send him to get Marc Antony, which Octavian agrees to to if they make him consul. They refuse that, so he joined Marc Antony. Then Lepidus joined. The Senate confirmed them under coercion. 2000 equestions and 300 Senators captured and killed in proscriptions. Octavian and Antony catch up with Brutus and others. Brutus did defeat Octavian in a battle. Marc Antony defeats Cassius, forces his suicide. Falling out- Octavian saw Antony and Cleopatra as trying to set up rule- Actium- Octavian defeats Antony. Egypt joins the Roman republic. The throne is left to Octavian- no more republic.
Pax Romana-Rome is huge, Christianity is introduced into the world. Pax Romana good time for it. Its origins: Octavian ruled from 27BC-14AD. Most responsible for establishing the empire. Octavian accomplished what Caesar dreamed of. Caesar advertised his successes more- but Octavian would not call himself a king- just the restorer of the republic. He has complete control. Tries to tie state and religion together, gaining support of aristocracy. Octavian- “good ol’ boy” image. common man. Octavian did not seem as ambitious- had many titles forced upon him. 27BC- Octavian went before Senate and laid down all his acquired power. The Senate “out of gratitude” called him…
A.The Roman Empire (27BC)
B. Octavians’ (Augustus, Princeps’, “Caesar Augustus”) Reforms:
Augustus was given back powers, given consulship over and over. Tribune, high priest, censor, imperator (sole commander), etc. He relied on his army for support- 300,000 men, saved money by reducing by 100,000 to save money. Gave land to soldiers as it was conquored.
Reforms- got rid on corruption. Created Senatorial provinces (Senate controlled, not likely to be problems.) Imperial provinces- dicier control. Legates (appointed by Octavian) in charge of troops in holding and settling those areas. Life improved for many. Local self governement allowed- fewer taxes, less corruption. So long as they submitted in the big issues. Bachelors and couples without children/ taxes, etc.
Octavian tries to restore the state religion- Virgil, Horus, Livy- propaganda.
III. The Triumph of Christianity.
A. The Major Players. Tiberius from 14-37AD, ruled. Probably in 29, Pontius Pilate, the prefect of Judea (imperial province from old kingdom of Judah)- Jesus was condemned to death. He had probably been born around 4-6). Most people saw this as just another crucifixion, perhaps surpassed only by the resurrection. Some said “jesus was just a myth”- but we know have just as much evidence to prove it as we do about Caesar. Cornelius Tactitus, Josephus, all talk about him. Roman rule, troubled time Hatred and unrest among the Jews. Romes entry in Jewish affairs was not peaceful. The various civil wars downgraded standard of living, economy. Jewish leaders took days, so after the wars, the Jews are disenchanted about their place in the empire. Leadership chosen for them was poor- King Herod was a harsh dictator- murdered wife and sons, ordered massecre. He resented Hebrew tradition. When he died, the jews revolted. King Herod’s successor- Herod Antipus, cut off head of John the Baptist, tried to quell rebellion. Famine and plague follow. Herod Agrippa was Antipus’ son. He killed James and imprisoned Peter. Herod Agrippa the Second listened to Pauls’ defense.
Men appeared calling themselves prophets- numerous sects arise with their own interpretations. Sadducees (priesthood and upper classes- anitsupernaturalists- not punishment reward, no existance of angels- strict adherance to Moses law- directly interested in the Temple, but generally collaborated with Romans over their own people.)
The Pharisees- most influential Jewish sect- believed in life after death, angels, gentiles accepted, knew the scriptures, tithed. Jesus slammed them more than others. They fasted and prayed. They were willing to compromise and accommodate greco-roman culture. The problem was that despite orthodox doctrines, their zeal for Mosiac law was very strict, and their own authoritative interpretation. They were hypocritical, self-righteous, and foremost persecutors of the the Lord. “Den of vipers.” They had rules, they could be legalistic- did not want relationship with God.
Jews in revolt against client government. Rome watches- they intervene after 10 years. A prefect is put in charge that reports to emperor. The sanhedrin for religious and local matters. The prefect was inept. Jewish War was on off again 66-70AD- The temple destroyed, wailing wall remains.
Dionysisus exegis- dates- anno domoni
Pagan influence- Roman gods, Isis also. Publicly celebrated- little emotion or spiritual comfort- the dangers of an established religion. Places like Sweden- Lutheranism, the religion- is dead. The church grows under persecution.
The state cults were bonds with the Roman gods- citizens continued it because it made Rome great. To fill their own voids, many Romans turned to cults of home and countryside- gods of forest, home shrines. Still, looking for something. Something comes up- mystery cults from Hellenistic Greeks- more spiritual security. Talked about baptism, eternal life, a god that conquered death, human brotherhood with Divine father.
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Roman Republic Continued
Publicanae- tax collector- a collusion model in effect- tax collecter works with gov’t and army to get take out of people. People hated Zacchaeus because he could get get authority for his extortion. Many gained tremendous wealth and poer.
During 2nd punic war, King Philip 5th of Macedonia declared war, and despite Hannibel at Rome’s door, they diverted resources to conquor Macedonia and pull their troops out in less than year. Patron- client. occupation is expensive, so they withdrew. Maybe too soon, because they had to fight 3 more wars. After the 4th, annexation seemed like the best solution. 133BC Last king of Pergamum- in his will, he left his kingdom to Rome. Ptolemaic dynasty – established in Egypt by Alexandria- eventually they meekly accept the influence of Rome.
133BC work of conquest mostly done- Marenostrum “our sea.”
Imperial Rome
A. Tiberious Sempronius Gracchus (Tiberious)
-Tribune- military hero- first over wall in Carthage- motivated self interest, but wanted to improve army. Saw the empire disintegrating, the poor were losing their land. And the very poor could not be in the army. Tiberius re-instituted land restrictions. 300 acres, plus up to 50 acres a son- no more than 600. Increases potential soldier pool. Tried to push this reform by himself- bypassed the Senate- faux pas- he takes it to the tribal tribune- the other tribune vetoed, he was removed from office- The people that allocated finances were the Senate, so he intercepted taxes from Asia. The senate is very upset, some senators find him, beat him to a bloody pulp- kill him- first since 509BC- they were unhappy about his methods. Assassination of tribune- lessoned the republic.
B. Gaius Gracchus (Gaius)- tried to follow footsteps of Tiberious-land restrictions, tries to give vote to all Italians- but it fails- he and 3000 of his closest followers are murdered.
C. Gaius Marious (Marius)- consul- 107BC- 106 NC- the other consul has his go try and quell Jugurtha and the . He’s worried about the strength of his army- so wants to remove the land qualification so he can have soldiers from poor families too- so they get their paycheck from Marius. This is the patron-client system again. Plunder that might have gone to the state went to soldiers instead. Thrid nail in the coffin of the republic. Also, consuls could be elected 1 in 10 years, Marius was 6 times in 8 years. His army was further and faster than others- soldier carried thei own supplis.
D. The social war (90-88BC)
-Revolt on Italian Peninsula- prominent war that the Republic loses- half of the army was Italians- who weren’t really Romans (consider the colonials in the french and indian war- British enough?)- full citizenship is granted to Italians on Peninsula who did not revolt, as well as to those who surrendered up to 89BC. Its extended more, becomes less valuable. Ends in 88BC.
E. Sulia- to Asia to fight Mithradates. Was initially offered to Marius, but Sulia marched on Rome w/ 6 legions and demanded that he be given command. Comes back with his army in 86BC. Sulla surrounds Rome and captures it like a forgiegn city, and issues proscriptions for Marius’ supporters. Sulla has soldiers that depend on him for their needs. They didn’t get enough stuff from Asia, so the new wealth is going to have to come from the proscriptions. Sulla is given dictatorial power to restore order. When he died in 78 BC, the system falls apart. Legislatures irrelevent, because if they oppose the consul they can be killed. Votes don’t matter much. Republic on its way out.
F. The Confused Path to Power
-Sorted order- Pompey- won campaign in Spain in 72BC, Sparticus- slave in Rome- led slave revolt in Italy, one of the few with a temporary measure of success- several thousand followers n Mt. Vesuvius- erupted in 79AD (much later). Sparticus defeated several roman armies, but ultimately their days were numbered.
Pompeii- 79AD (See powerpoint for points).
Pompey and Crassus- joined armies to go after Sparticus, Sparticus splits forces, Crassus cauht one contingent and defeated it. Pompey caught smaler contingent tring to escape to Gaul. Pompey wanted all the credit, even though he didn’t defeat the main army. Pompey gets “tickertape” in Rome. Pompey is a hero in Rome. Gets other easy vistories in the east. Crassus, jealous, crucifies his 10,000 captured slaves along the road to rome to demonstrate his accomplishment. Both generals want to be consuls. They promise to restore power to tribunes (makes plebes happy), the popular assemblies, restore courts to equestrians, upper classes. Pompey disbands army, but goes to senate to ask for land for his veterans. But because he’s already disbanded, they refuse- have no compulsion. Pompey has to restructure, may need help.
G. The First Triumvirate 60 BC (unofficially). Renewed 55 BC. Pact with Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar. Eventually force Roman senate to do what they want. The word Caesar=czar. Caesar had almost died in Sullas proscriptions. He had escaped. He was not very wealthy, but he was ambitious. Earned appointment as pro-consul. Moved into france- campaign against the Gauls. Wrote book on the Gaulish wars, it was pretty goo. Consul in 59 BC. Early on as consul, ignores senate, he pushes through what he wants to get done. He makes enemies in senate. They did not want him in Rome, so they made him a promotion- a 5 year appointment back to Gaul to subdue it. He was okay with that- gave him time to build his own myth, loyalty, and ambition. The senate said they would try him for corruption if he tried to come back. His armies kill over 1 million Gauls- “begging to be conquored.” Those not killed saw things his way– lots of loot. in 53 BC- Crassus wants to be consul again. He was posted to Syria, and his armies lost. They lost standard, Crassus dies. A consul position is open, Caesar wants to do it, he heads south. Stops at the Rubicon river for invitation. It is not given- armies ordered to protect Rome. Caesar crossed his Rubicon- point of no rturn. Pompey knows his army is not strong enough. Pompeys wife was Caesars daught- Pompey leaves with his army to Egypt. Caesar pursued, but the Egyptians had already beheaded. Caesar took control in Rome. No turning back to Republic- he was a dictator- chief priest, censor, consul, tribune- elected for all of those positions. only one person to vote for! Roman calendar- Julian calendar- used today. But a temple to himself0 he becomes as a “god.” He extended Roman citizenships- the Romans hat kings.
Caesar was trying to set himself up as king- Ides of March- 44BC- Brutus and Cassius assassinate him. Senate still strong after all.
H. The Second Triumvirate (43-33 BC)
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ROME
The Romans Came Along
Why did they construct a universal road system?
Perhaps we see God directing the flow of history…
The preaching would not be just in Roman empire, but to all peoples of the earth.
Early Rome—The Regal Period 753-509 BC
A. Mythical Origins
B. The Etruscans
Use of Land-all though out, olive trees, vineyards
Easier place to live than Greece- about 30% of land in greece was ariable- in Italy, 50%. So when any greeks came to italy, it was easier to make a living.
Mythical Origins- Aenias was a Trojan, a war b/t greek citystates, Aenias escape, fled Troy with his father, est. city in Italy. Had 2 sons Romulus and Remus- who were seperated from father, raised by she-wolf. The two son’s built up city and wall around, became Rome.
There were 3 important groups in Italy by the sixth century BC.
Latins- near Latium- not very powerful at this time
Greek immigrants- highly civilized, loosely organized. Paestrum (city of Neptune)- 7th century bc, coastal trading city- see powerpoint. built Cave of the Sybil- discussed in Aneid. Romans took over this city in 273BC, added forum, spa, amphitheatre.
Temple of Poseidon
Atruscans- powerful in 6th century BC. Several groups as early as 1400 BC- these early people we do not know who they were- but by 700BC, the Atruscans were there. Herodotus said they came from Illiam, many historians agree. Dionysius says Heroditus is a father of lies, the people were always in Italy.
Greeks encountered Atruscans. The latter ruled throughout the Regal Period. Rome was ruled by Kings. The Romans hate kings. 625-509.
Atruscans- engineers- drainage systems; established mines, gold, tannin, copper, iron- make bronze statues, jewelry, braces, mirrors. Vases
Violence- knives, spearheads.
Atruscans-bring religion, temples, worshipping Juno, Minerva, Jupiter. Tell future by flashes of lightening, flights of birds, innards of animals. Chickens eat, time for war.
Read Thucydides- Polynesian- best read in the original greek- Adams to son.
Atruscans- stubborn in superstitions- Fought to death to appease evil spirits. Origin of gladitorial games. Learned Latin, western version of greek alphabet.
Symbols of political authrity- bundle of rods, axe- faces- king could have you whipped or executed. Two faces hang on wall of US house of representatives.
Atruscans retreat more northward- final contribution -phalanx- ranks of 4, 9ft spear, shield. Calvary also. Plebians in phalanx, patricians in cvalry, because they could afford the horses. But the phalanx, moving as one, became so effective that it increased social, political power for plebians.
From the Atrusans to ROME
509-31BC
509- Romans revolted, overthrew Atruscan king. Est. Aristocratic Republic. Romans loved republic- saw as alternative to monarchy. History of republic concerns the development of constitution- which is more like Great Britain’s- can’t be googled- its precedent upon precedent, law and procedure.
Like Athens and Sparta- balancing elements. Philosophes later loved Greeks and Romans- they didn’t need God, than the Founders looked at philosophes- but why then, do we have checks and balances?
Roman system- executives- consuls- supreme civil and military magistrates (see powerpoint political aparatus
Army elects generals (also acted as executive branch, carried out orders from senate). The senate has advisory to consuls. Senatus- means elder statesment. The nerve center of Rome. Eventually, the senate gained much power. The senate controlled power of purse. They appoint commanders- usually about 300 senators, probably an ex-consul. Censorors choose the senate. If you’re a senator, you hold that position for life.
Assembly of centuries- military- elect councils, controlled by patricians, controlled the Army. It was divided based on wealth- 19,300 seats. 7 classes of citizenship. 1- Ecuites, 2 called first class, The first 2 classes held most seats- more than the others. Votes taken in order of class. The two could win by majority. The Romans do not believe in equality. Would have voted like their patrons voted. The Romans reasoned that the first 2 classes did more fighting.
Assembly of Tribes- all citizens- concerned with finances, public works, became chief law making body of Rome.
Assembly of Plebes- for lower classes- begins electing tribunes- argument over whether plebe laws apply to all- this only happened later.
Censors- took censuses. Control public morals. Between 18th months and 5 year terms.
only open to ex-consuls- prestigous.
Praetors- often acted as judges, Quater- acted as officials for treasury.
Edells- public works
Tribunes- protectors of Plebes- can even veto the consuls.
October 1, 2008
Ancient Rome continued.
Aneas
Tribunes- always left heir light on at home- the Plebes would know if they could come for help at any time.
Treasonous if anyone harmed a tribune.
Rome mixture:
Senate- aristocracy
assemblies- republic/democracy.
Rival factions from time to time
Achievements- law- began, set of rules for citizen; added to, got larger, had to be interpreted- Praetor.
Roman jurisdiction- had to solve disputes- had to decide on equity- foundation- natural law- what is right, what is wrong- universal law based on reason for all societies.
Rome was imperialistic, even when a republic. Expanding on the Italian Peninsula.
The Romans had revolted against the Atruscans; 439BC, Rome forms Latin League to protect from outside invasion. The expansion was partially out of fear!
Gauls- 390BC- Took all of Rome, except Capitoline Hill. Romans held out, long enough to bribe the Gauls to leave.
Expansion usually made through conquest; sometimes deals. The Romans began to take over near Greece- series of quarrels led to outright war against a city-state.
Pyrrhus of Epirus sends aid- 280 BC- fought 2 battles against one- won both. He lost so many soldiers to do so, it wasn’t worth the cost.
Rome’s short line of supply, and their tenacity persisted- they kept throwing manpower in- they drove Pyrrhus out- legions were sent to -4500-5000men, (300 included cavalry)- to subdue the region. When Rome conquered, they had political skill. Rome created partnership system- they organized communities with different privileges and responsibility. foreign policy had to match Rome’s, but internal affairs were up to the region. In a sense, a confederation exists- solving an admin problem the Greeks never did.
Rome is able to consolidate its power- occupation expensive, grates the nerves of the locals. Residents of some communities were given full Roman citizenship, even in far off places.
-Some residents were lower citizens- could not vote, but could marry Romans, contribute troops- taxes, etc.
-Allied states- provide soldiers for Rome, Rome will protect
Result: stronger, wealth, foundation for empire.
Social divisions by politics-
Politics- in the hands of aristocrats- the “patricians”. Wealthy land owner, dominate affairs of state, provide leadership in war, only ones who know about law and legal procedure (they win).
Patricians (last class)
Plebes
-Economic structure, partially social structure
Patricians- wealthy land owners.
There were Plebe merchants(an inkling of middle class, as Rome began to trade elsewhere), they were also famrers, skilled craftsmen, artists- but they were free- and more free than middle age politics. They had some political say, but not much. Led to a great social conflict- “The Struggle of Orders” to gain rights in the Empire. Romes survival depended on them.
494- Plebe’s done fighting until rights were gained- concessions were made- Plebes allowed to marry patricians, protectors (tribunes)- to protect from arbitrary rule), allowed to assmble- Assembly of Plebes, created some self rule.
Wanted to make law changes, but they didn’t actually know it- a patrician thing. The plebes forced them to codify their laws. Done on 12 large bronze plaques.
367BC- Licinian-Sextian Rogations- wealthy plebian tribunes. “new money”
They go b4, ask that one consul always be a plebe of 2
Highest position- consul. Plebes wanted to be able to be one also.
Limitation of land- “preserves the independence of the plebes.”
Struggle of Orders takes a couple century to really be cemented- by 200’s Council of Plebes prominent, creates a stronger and more unified Rome- by 287BC.
It was a class issue- some historians try to make everything a class issue in history- the conflict interpretation- they think its what makes the world go round (Marxist-Leninist). Other consensual historians believe more in the unity.
Struggle for order might have led to anarchy- (such things often do fall to chaos)- but actuall class warfare never happened. All citizens in Rome shared protection of the law, could rise to high offices.
Patron-client relationship- Patrons usually patricians; sometimes wealthy plebes. Clients are usuallu plebes, but not always. Not always wealth based. Romans did not accept equality and freddom- some people were better off than others- not necessarily economic-
Cicinnatus- farmer- a poor patrician who was a patron. Short-term dictator. Then he went back. George Washington- “American Cincinnatus.” Patron-Client- still in major US cities, South America, tells about how politics work.
Clients- loyal to patron, vote for patron, provide patron services. Obligations of the patron were to protect the clients, provide.
Roman Culture in the Republic- no reclining Atruscans
Gravitas, Pitos, Dignitos, Vitus, Atoritos- loyalty to social conduct- emphasis on manliness- respect for authority- foundation for system. Romans can never truly develop a democratic republic- their worldview wasn’t up to that.
Romans were very religious. (Like Americans are “Christian, so he Romans were religious). Sort of works based- you do what you do because it is what ought to be done. In time, the religion was very much Roman- roman names for gods. The purpose was secular, the state was most important. (The Christians couldn’t put the state first- it was regarded as irreligious). Did things by tradition, legalism. Manes- spirits of dead, ancestors. Ancestor worship very common in ancient world. Worship around hearth- vesta- goddess of the hearth. Parantalia (precursor halloween?)- holiday for ancestor worship. Ancestors would protect them.
They were also animistic. Priests were probably part-time.
Important gods
Jupiter (Zeus)…jupiter stones- protected power of state- symbol: Eagle.
Mars-God of war- agricultural god also.
Juno (Athena)- goddess of women, fertility was main concern. Economy activity of the household- Oikos. System built on that individual ownership instead. Father’s could even sell chi;dren.
Olives- eating, oil,
Wine-antiseptic, water purifier
Grains- wheat, barley.
Summer and winter crops. After awhile, they had to begin to import because surrounding areas could not support needs of city.
Craftsmen- carpenter, bakers, etc. Rome not really interested in international trade til later.
Roman census- average life expectancy was 25 years. High infant mortality rate. Average Roman woman had to bear about 6 children. Generally married b/t 14 and 17. Roman men, between 18 and 20. Children could not be dependent for long. Males fully responsible at 13. They could not fight until they were 18.
In ealry Rome, some women had numbers for names.
Literature and art not nearly as creative as Greeks. Quintus Ennius- creative, wrote comedies, tragedies, inventor of satire- dry humor- influenced Virgil, Horus.
Joinging army- easiest way to become a citizen- b/t 18 and 25, men expected to sereve. If over 45, you can be a garrison soldier. A civilian militia for campaigns. Patricians only had to fight for 10 years. Pay was a key issue. Early on, paid in commodities- like salt. “worth their salt.” The Romans figured out how to make wars pay for themselves. They would pay soldiers by giving them conquered land, distributing divideneds. A function of patron-client. For the rest, productive citizens could expect to be protected.
The consuls had to have 10 years experience in military. Romans used phalanx. Calvary flanks infantry. The Gauls were ambushers- didn’t work well. New formation-centuries. 100 men units, or joined for larger formations with others. Triari, principes (javelins, swords), hastati (javelins, slings)- 3 divisions, back to front of a century.
Infrastructure- aqueducts, roads in strategic places, stationed troops in areas easy for deployment.
Series of wars- the Punic Wars. Punic is latin for Phoenicia. Rome continued to expand sountward- to Carthage- north central africa. Carthaginians called it “new town” (new from phoenicia- lebanese emigrants). Romans learned the method of crucifixion from Carthage. Carhage had power in parts of mediterranean, spain, north Africa, and part of Sicily.
Rome Continued
Carthaginians- had squabbles with the greeks on sicily- no room to expand. They split island. Carthiginians- traders. They pretty much rule western Mediterranean. Did not have a big population base- have mercenaries. Some phoenicians sailed as far as Nigeria. The Carthiginians sacrificed first born sons by burning them. 264BC- conflict with Romans. Much of Italy was ruled by Romans.
In that year, a faction- in Massana- of rulers. Invited Carthaginian troops. The other half invites Romans. “Not being imperialistic, because invited” 264-241BC- war- control of sicily and western med. at stake. Called the First Punic War. Went badly for Rome at first- Carthage had great navy. Romans adapt well, learn from mistakes. Developed a good navy. Carthaginians got cut off for supplies, Sicily falls to Rome. Rome takes advantage of Carthaginians. They decide to take corsica, sardinia- more islands. Hamal Kar Barka- “Thunderbolt”- Carthaginians- never forgot Rome’s actions, saw them growing powerful. Decided to come into Spain (comprised of tribes)- his idea was to use the people, wealth and resources to create a new poewrful Carthage. But he murdered in 230 BC. His son was Hannibal Bark. 221BC- took command at 26. Hannibal- “love of Baal.” Called the best general of the ancient world. Exceptional leader, ate and slept, same as his men. His army was a multi-national force. He held it together for 15 years.
Soon after he took command, came the 2nd Punic War. Developed because of Roman involvement in Saguntum- fell in Carthaginian influence. Hannibal attacks and plunders the city, then marches 50,000 men to Italy. He also had 37 elephants- didn’t survive alps. Took route from Spain to Italy by land. Romans had expanded but annexing, but not necessarily by choice. Hannibal counts on dissension from Roman allies. And will then maybe join him. Hannibal defeated Romans- Dissnio and Tribia Rivers- people on the fence like Gauls joined hims more 218-217- winter quarters- tough winter- 217- marches to Arno River. Cross Epinine mountains. Hannibal gets eye infecton, loses an eye. Two roman consuls were Gaius Flaminus and Servilius Geminus at the time.
They decided to split the Roman army, and placed the sections at east and west. Flaminius moves out of the way when Hannibal comes west. Hannibal just decides to continue to Rome. Flaminus harassed them as they went, slowing them down but never facing. Some say he was a coward, but probably he just realized the masses against him. He fought bravely until he died.
The consuls panicked as they saw Hannibal headed to Rome. Hannibal decides to use this too an advantage. The enemies are behind.
Battle of Tuoro. Hannibel knew that a battle would raise him in others esteem. The Romans under Flaminus had 36000 men- they came marching quickly in close ranks- good target. Hannibal had built campfires very far ahead- Flaminus did not even send scouts. If he had, they would have seen Hannibal was much closer.
At the head of the valley, Iberian allies/archers for Hannibal brought Romans to a halt. Hannibal’s force of Numidian, lydian, balaric, gascon, celts, lombards, etc. Some language barriers, but they still stayed together.
Carthginians had about 40,000 at this time (had faced disease in the winter). Once Romans halted, Hannibal sent all his troops en masse. The confused roman legionnaires were forced to fight individuals. Roman’s rear is pushed back into the water. The center, with Flaminus, held ground, but eventually cut down. The vanguard isn’t really engaged, but can’t really help. Many took off and escaped. Could had been killed for treason, but many escaped. Flaminus’ army had been routed. They lost at least 15,000 men. When news reaches Rome, they give dictatorial power to Quintus Maximus– policy of Fabian- we can’t win, so lets retreat. You chase until we feel strong enough to engage. Hannibal has shorter supply and manpower line. The other Roman consul sent 4,000 calvery, but were wiped out by Carthaginins. in 216BC, Rome had lost at least 100000 men,
Battle of Cannae- Rome lost at least 50,000 more; Carthage lost about 5,000. Hannibal had weighted his flanks, lightened the center. Rome is surrounded and annihilated. Despite these victories, the Carthaginians were neer able to persuade enough allies to join him; the troops dwindled. By 207 BC, Hannibal’s brother had 30,000 men who are never able to join up. After he dies, the Romans have an upper hand. The Romans decide to attack in Africa. The Carthaginians didn’t have siege weapons for Rome anyway. They sent commander Sipio to N. Africa. He came ashore near Carthage. Somebody informs Hannibal that he needed to defend Carthage. Battle of Zama comes later, Sipio defeats hannibal. Carthage was forced to pay a huge indemnity. They were forced to recompense for the lost. Carthage had to give up warships, elephants, and territory outside its city. Could not defend itself unless the Romans helped. Hannibal becomes chief magistrate for 5 years- Carthage prospered. Romans did not do so well- they had finds from Carthage. Farmland in s. italy caused food shortage – had been trampled by Hannibel. Roman language law and culture, influenced by the greeks, spread to west and to use.
Romans decided to send a force to punish Carthage. They would not protect. They set out to capture Hannibal he hears, escapes to Asia mino- in 183, he poisoned himself right before capture.
The 3rd Punic war 140-136 BC. Carthage still prospers. Carthage wheat was better than Roman. Aristocrats can’t compete, even in Rome- it was better and cheaper. Romans said they must cease hostilities, send 300 hostages, dismantle defenses, abandon city and move inhabitants south to the desert away from the coats. The wouldn’t do that last. Cato -”In my opinin, Carthage needs to be destroyed. 90% of Carthaginians die, survivors captured, city destroyed. Carthage becomes part called Africa. Sipio Africanus. Pro-consuls in territories. In Rome, several other officials had checks and balances, they did not- so long as it was orderly, they could be dictators. Rome expaned to South and East. Athens was a free and immune city- a privileged city without taxes. Most were provincials. By time of Christ, Romans were even in control of Egypt. Romans taxed their small farmers out of existence. Flat tax became too great. Import/ export taxes.
