December 8 Notes
Luther upset at the church because of extra-biblical practices.
Sale of indulgences since 1300’s under Pope Bonifice the 8th.
Purgatory- not scriptural, and implies atonement of Christ was insufficient.
Treasury of Merit- church extends extra merit to individuals to keep from purgatory. Indulgences sold more when money is needed. Johann Tetsule travels around to sell indulgences some to Leo 10th’s betting debts, some to St. Peter’s basilica.
1519-1520- Luther gains support thru tracts which were printed and widely distributed. Truth in the bible only, he said. No hierarchy of the church. Fasts, pilgrimages and masses all seen as corrupted, insincere.
Luther argues that the clergy should be allowed to marry, a longstanding thing. Advocated monasticism be eliminated, attacked luxurious lifestyles of high church officials. Not just 95 thesis- wanted big change. Luther calls upon the secular- the princes- to institute reform. That is- the state. Some believed in the idea, others saw it as a way to get ahead.
Papal bull-Leo called for recant from Luther. Luther burned the letter, but he was in danger of being burned as a heretic. Charles the 5th required to apprehend. Imperial Diet of Worms- pretrial- Luther refuses to recant. Luther is declared outlaw in Empire, but is hid in a castle. While there, he translated the New Testament into German. In 1522, Luther returns to Wittenburg and est. a protestant church.
Consequences of Reformation
- anti- Romanism mixed with political revolution all over. A peasant revolt in Germany occurred because they thought they had the right to choose right and wrong in economic issues as well had theological. For the most part, revolts didn’t succeed. One did- the princes against the rulers. Many states saw the actions of Charles 5th against Luther were not good. They reserved right to declare their religion Lutheran. In 1531 League of Schmalkalden- mutual defense association to counter attacks from emperor’s armies (see powerpoint). Charles the 5th had other problems. In 1532- Nuremburg Standstill is agreed to. A truce to give Charles time to protect the southern empire from the Turks. A european-wide council is called for, but the pope was afraid it would try to effect more change. The Interim upheld basic Catholic doctrine- it allowed clergy to marry, tho. It was unacceptable to Catholics and Protestants. Charles returns from Turks and attempts to wipe out Luthernism. They sought in ally as it got bad. France borders Holy Roman Empire. Roman Catholic France comes to aid the protestants to weaken Charles’ growing power. Each state can chose protestant or catholic- peace of Augsburg. the princes made the choices. It granted no rights to other religious revolutionaries. Nothing to aid the separate Calvinists. North germany dominated by Luthernism. Between 1550 and 1650, over 100,000 witches tried, 60,000 executed. About half were in the holy roman empire. Continuation of inquisition in Spain. 75% accused were women.
In a calvinist communicated- right of social humiliation. If somebody did something wrong, they had to work backbreaking. Acknowledge and confess
Catholic
Auto de fey- physical torture, some self inflicted. Purify of sin, reinforces authority of clergy.
In inquisition, this was a huge system of informants- called familiars. Paid by number of people they turn in. I accused- brought before inquisition- property lost for being accused. You get interrogated without knowing accusation. Bodily suffering in world was to avoid some in the future. Theatrical demonstration of the power of the church. In not sincere, or relapsed- you could be easily burned or strangled.
Anglicans in Canterbury England- Act of Supremacy allowed by Henry 8th. Kept more liturgy- looks more Catholic, but Protestant. Jamestown was primarily Anglican. Anglican’s may not have been as all-encompassed with their religion as Puritans, for instance. Anglicans headed to Jamestown listened to a sermon from simon- his text from Ge. 12:1-3- leave your household and go to the lands I have shown. Only problem was that that was for Abraham, but the Anglicans are getting this kind of sermon, and they are the moderates. City on a hill idea. American exceptionalism- “we’re different.”
A 4th group- not represented on the map- Anabaptists. 1520’s group started by Minnew Simon- mennonites get their start, baptists, quakers. Wanted to get back to the old church. Would not accept unsaved members in church. Infant baptism untolerated. Church without hierarchy, religious liberty (people died in droves because they believed this).
Protestants believed in biblical over church authority.
Justification by faith- faith alone, and this is supposed to be life transforming.
Priesthood of the believer (no mediator needed thru a priest).
Driven by urge to convert and approve the lives of those around them.
Rejected sacraments of the church except communion and …
